Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most dreaded diseases not only in the United States, but across the entire world. Statistical data declare that more than eighteen million Indians are diabetic today. About 11.8 percent of Indians have been detected with diabetes according to a 2006 survey data. Diabetes is a condition that results on account of dangerously high levels of glucose in the blood. This deleteriously high level of blood glucose is a consequence of the disruption of the normal sugar metabolism of the human body leading to failure in the production or utilization of an important hormone called the insulin. Diabetes can lead to serious illness like heart attack, blindness, kidney failure and gangrene formation if untreated or undetected.
Classification
Three types of diabetes namely Type 1, Type 2 and Gestational diabetes have been recognized. Type 1 diabetes is caused due to the damage of the cells that produce insulin in the pancreas. Type 1 diabetes is also caused due to abnormal secretion of some hormones like thyroid hormone or adrenaline that affect normal insulin production. Type 2 is caused due to the incapacity of the body to effectively produce substantial quantity of insulin. Type 2 is also caused due to the incapacity of the body to effectively utilize the insulin produced. Type 2 diabetes is common in the middle aged population, obese individuals and population under severe stress.
Gestational diabetes is the type of diabetes that is detected in pregnant women for the first time. Many other types of diabetes have been classified, many of them exhibit the signs and symptoms of Type 1 and 2 diabetes. Latent autoimmune diabetes is one such type of diabetes in adults, where the patient’s exhibit sign and symptoms of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes caused by genetic defects, disorders of the pancreas, hormonal imbalance, drugs that reduce insulin action, chemicals that destroy beta cells, infections, rare autoimmune disorders, and genetic syndromes are common. Prediabetes is a condition where blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. Prediabetes indicates that a person is at enhanced risk for developing Type 2 diabetes.
Diagnosis
Laboratory tests for diagnosis of diabetes are based on the level of the blood glucose and associated parameters. This includes the A1C test, also called the hemoglobin A1C, HbA1c, or glycohemoglobin test; fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The Random Plasma Glucose (RPG) test is another test used to diagnose diabetes.
Treatment
A well managed blood glucose level, blood pressure and blood cholesterol can positively prevent diabetic complications. Diabetic treatments are based on control of blood glucose level by prescribed calorie input, drugs and hormonal supplementation. The therapeutic protocol includes drugs that improve insulin production by the pancreas; drugs that retard sugar absorption in the intestines; drugs that improve insulin utility; drugs that decrease sugar conversion in the liver and drugs that enhance insulin production by the pancreas. Insulin therapy in the form of injections and continuous pump is very effective.
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Diabetes mellitus is one of the most dreaded diseases not only in the United States, but across the entire world. Statistical data declare that more than eighteen million Indians are diabetic today. About 11.8 percent of Indians have been detected with diabetes according to a 2006 survey data. Diabetes is a condition that results on account of dangerously high levels of glucose in the blood. This deleteriously high level of blood glucose is a consequence of the disruption of the normal sugar metabolism of the human body leading to failure in the production or utilization of an important hormone called the insulin. Diabetes can lead to serious illness like heart attack, blindness, kidney failure and gangrene formation if untreated or undetected.
Classification
Three types of diabetes namely Type 1, Type 2 and Gestational diabetes have been recognized. Type 1 diabetes is caused due to the damage of the cells that produce insulin in the pancreas. Type 1 diabetes is also caused due to abnormal secretion of some hormones like thyroid hormone or adrenaline that affect normal insulin production. Type 2 is caused due to the incapacity of the body to effectively produce substantial quantity of insulin. Type 2 is also caused due to the incapacity of the body to effectively utilize the insulin produced. Type 2 diabetes is common in the middle aged population, obese individuals and population under severe stress.
Gestational diabetes is the type of diabetes that is detected in pregnant women for the first time. Many other types of diabetes have been classified, many of them exhibit the signs and symptoms of Type 1 and 2 diabetes. Latent autoimmune diabetes is one such type of diabetes in adults, where the patient’s exhibit sign and symptoms of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes caused by genetic defects, disorders of the pancreas, hormonal imbalance, drugs that reduce insulin action, chemicals that destroy beta cells, infections, rare autoimmune disorders, and genetic syndromes are common. Prediabetes is a condition where blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. Prediabetes indicates that a person is at enhanced risk for developing Type 2 diabetes.
Diagnosis
Laboratory tests for diagnosis of diabetes are based on the level of the blood glucose and associated parameters. This includes the A1C test, also called the hemoglobin A1C, HbA1c, or glycohemoglobin test; fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The Random Plasma Glucose (RPG) test is another test used to diagnose diabetes.
Treatment
A well managed blood glucose level, blood pressure and blood cholesterol can positively prevent diabetic complications. Diabetic treatments are based on control of blood glucose level by prescribed calorie input, drugs and hormonal supplementation. The therapeutic protocol includes drugs that improve insulin production by the pancreas; drugs that retard sugar absorption in the intestines; drugs that improve insulin utility; drugs that decrease sugar conversion in the liver and drugs that enhance insulin production by the pancreas. Insulin therapy in the form of injections and continuous pump is very effective.
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